Effect of Health Education on Malaria Control Practices among Mothers of Under-Five Children in a Rural Nigerian Community

Background/Purpose:Malaria is an established health challenge and a major cause of mortality and morbidity among under-five children in Nigeria. This community-based study was designed to assess the effect ofhealth education packages on the malaria control practices of mothers of under-five children in Ibeagwa Nike Enugu State.Methods:The study utilized a quasi-experimental study design with a sample size of 124 mothers that attended the infant welfare clinic at the community health center and those that received treatment of minor childhood illnesses for six months. A multistage random sampling technique was used in choosing the required samples. The instrument for the collection of data was a self-adapted and validated questionnaire. Reliability was assessed and yielded a Cronbach’s correlation coefficient of 0.823. Data generatedwere summarized using simple descriptive statistics of frequencies and percentages and analyzed using Fishers’ exact test and Chi-square. Results:Findings of the study showed that: the practice of malaria control practices was very low below 40% before health education intervention; malaria control practices increased significantly above 40% after the health education intervention; hindrances to the practice of malaria control measures reduced after the health education intervention; there is poor awareness of environmental hygiene as a method of malaria control measure before health education.Conclusion:Periodic health education on the importance of malaria control practices should be conducted in the community regularly, to promote control of malaria

Perceived role and its enhancing factors among the village health volunteers regarding malaria control in rural myanmar

Background: Village health volunteers (VHVs) are key agents for malaria control in community. The Myanmar Medical Association-Malaria (MMA-Malaria) Project has promoted effective malaria control in endemic and high-risk townships by supporting roles of VHVs. Objectives: To assess the roles of VHVs on malaria control and factors enhancing their roles in rural Myanmar. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in five townships where the MMA-Malaria Project has been implemented. One hundred and fifty VHVs were sampled from five townships by simple random sampling. Data were collected by trained interviewers using structured questionnaires, which covered sociodemographic, supportive, motivational factors, and roles of malaria control. Studied variables were described by proportions, means, and standard deviations and were analyzed for their association by odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and Chi-square tests. Results: Most of VHVs (96%) expected to demonstrate good roles on malaria control, but only 44.0% exhibited current roles at a good level. Factors enhancing their roles were female (P = 0.037), family income ?50,001 kyat/month (P < 0.015), time serving as a volunteer 1�years (P = 0.006), good knowledge of malaria control (P < 0.001), good family support (P < 0.001), good community support (P < 0.001), and good motivational factors (P = 0.002). Conclusion: VHVs are key agents for malaria control in community. Most of VHVs expected to demonstrate good roles on malaria control, but less than half of them exhibited current roles at a good level. The systems and program for improving VHVs� knowledge, encouraging family and community support, and promoting motivation are essential for their better roles.

A retrospective study of malaria outbreak in children of a defence establishment in Gujarat State of India.

Introduction: Malaria is a major health threat in India. Many states including Guj and focal outbreaks of malaria from 1997 to 2006. A defence establishment located in western part of India suffered from an epidemic of BT malaria in 2005, which was confirmed by epidemiological investigation. Material and methods: An outbreak of malaria occurred in a closed defence campus was investigated by an epidemiologist and was confirmed as an epidemic. Measures advised for its co and further prevention were strictly implemented to control it. The study is based on the reported information and data collected at the time of investigation. Results: In a population of 4832 in a closed campus, 363 cases were reported with high slide positivity rate of 27.07 percent and overall API of 75.12 per thousand populations. The incidence was relatively higher among the children below 16 years with a very high API of 156.43 in 6-11 years' age group. High spleen rate and infant parasite rate confirmed the local transmission of malaria. An excessive breeding of vector was noticed as several places. Discussion: The campus suffered from BT malaria epidemic with very high API among younger population of school going children mainly due to local transmission caused by An. stephensi. Vactoe was found breeding heavily in pools, ditches, overhead tanks and static tanks. The epidemic resulted due to insincere efforts in implementing anti-malaria activities. Conclusion: The epidemic affected all age groups with a very high incidence in pre-school and school going children especially 6-11 years' age group. Lack of anti-malaria activities, uncontrolled breeding of anopheles in the campus, delay in diagnosis and treatment, poor reporting, record maintenance and follow up of the cases were the causes of the epidemic. It was effectively controlled by implementing measures of control suggested by the epidemiologist.

Neglected Plasmodium vivax malaria in northeastern States of India.

Background & objectives: the northeastern states of India are co-endemic for Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria. The transmission intensity is low-to-moderate resulting in intermediate to stable malaria. Malaria control prioritized P. falciparum being the predominant and life threatening infection (>70%). P. vivax malaria remained somewhat neglected. The present study provides a status report of P. vivax malaria in the northeastern States of India. Methods: Data on spatial distribution of P. vivax from seven northeastern states (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura) were analysed retrospectively from 2008–2013. In addition, cross-sectional malarial surveys were conducted during 1991-2012 in malaria endemic pockets across the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura to ascertain the prevalence of P. vivax in different age groups. Results: Vivax malaria was encountered in all northeastern States but there existed a clear division of two malaria ecotypes supporting ≤30 and >30 per cent of total malaria cases. High proportions of P. vivax cases (60–80%) were seen in Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland in the north with alpine environment, 42-67 per cent in Manipur, whereas in Assam it varied from 23-31 per cent with subtropical and tropical climate. Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram had the lowest proportion of P. vivax cases. Malaria cases were recorded in all age groups but a higher proportion of P. vivax consistently occurred among <5 yr age group compared to P. falciparum (P<0.05). P. vivax cases were recorded throughout the year with peak coinciding with rainy season although transmission intensity and duration varied. Interpretation & conclusions: In northeast India, P. vivax is a neglected infection. Estimating the relapsing pattern and transmission dynamics of P. vivax in various ecological settings is an important pre-requisite for planning malaria elimination in the northeastern states.

Malaria situation in India with special reference to tribal areas.

Background & objectives: In India, malaria is a major public health problem in states having predominantly tribal population. The objective of this analysis was to find out the incidence of malaria in various states/districts having varied proportions of tribal population using National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) data. Methods: States and districts were classified into three categories based on proportions of Scheduled Tribes (ST) population as <10, 10-29.9 and 30 per cent + ST population. Five year average (2008-2012) of all important malaria indicators collected by NVBDCP was taken to normalize the effect of annual fluctuations in malaria incidence. Results: State level analysis revealed that ten states/UTs with 30 per cent or more tribal population comprising only three per cent of total population, contributed 14 per cent of total malaria, 21 per cent Plasmodium falciparum and 29 per cent of deaths due to malaria. Similarly, district level analysis showed that districts with 30 per cent or more tribal population comprising about eight per cent country’s population contributed to 46 per cent of total malaria cases, 70 per cent P. falciparum and 47 per cent malarial deaths in the country. Interpretation & conclusions: our analysis showed that the neglect of the ethnic communities in tribal areas would be detrimental to the overall reduction of morbidity and mortality due to malaria. The fight against the increasing burden of malaria in tribal belt requires adoption of multiple approaches and socio-economic development of the tribal communities.

G6PD deficiency in Latin America: systematic review on prevalence and variants

Plasmodium vivax radical cure requires the use of primaquine (PQ), a drug that induces haemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient (G6PDd) individuals, which further hampers malaria control efforts. The aim of this work was to study the G6PDd prevalence and variants in Latin America (LA) and the Caribbean region. A systematic search of the published literature was undertaken in August 2013. Bibliographies of manuscripts were also searched and additional references were identified. Low prevalence rates of G6PDd were documented in Argentina, Bolivia, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay, but studies from Curaçao, Ecuador, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Suriname and Trinidad, as well as some surveys carried out in areas of Brazil, Colombia and Cuba, have shown a high prevalence (> 10%) of G6PDd. The G6PD A-202A mutation was the variant most broadly distributed across LA and was identified in 81.1% of the deficient individuals surveyed. G6PDd is a frequent phenomenon in LA, although certain Amerindian populations may not be affected, suggesting that PQ could be safely used in these specific populations. Population-wide use of PQ as part of malaria elimination strategies in LA cannot be supported unless a rapid, accurate and field-deployable G6PDd diagnostic test is made available.

Monitoring the durability of long-lasting insecticidal nets in field conditions in Nepal.

Understanding and improving the durability of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) in the field is critical for the success of malaria prevention using mosquito nets, as well as contributing to procurement decisions based on the number of years of protection, rather than the current practice of unit cost. Using the recently published guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO) some progress has been made in the monitoring and assessment of performance of nets in the field. This paper describes the protocol of an ongoing retrospective study of the attrition rate, physical integrity and bioefficacy of three polyester LLIN products that were distributed during 2010 to 2013 in Nepal. It is hoped that robust and auditable data on net survival (physical integrity and bioefficacy) of these three brands in different environments will assist the Nepal National Malaria Control Programme in planning future LLIN-replacement strategies, including behaviourchange communication about LLIN care and maintenance. The advantages and disadvantages of prospective and retrospective cross-sectional approaches are discussed, including appropriate strategies to validate the timing for mass distribution of nets. Similar studies should be done in other countries to (i) track LLIN durability to support management of resupply, and (ii) inform procurement decisions at the global level. New, more predictive, textile laboratory testing is also urgently needed.

A qualitative study exploring perspectives towards rational use of medicines in Pakistan's Malaria Control Program (MCP)

Malaria is one of the most important global public health problems threatening the health of the population owing to prevailing socio-economic conditions and epidemiological reasons in Pakistan. This qualitative study has focused on the perspectives held towards the rational use of medicine intervention among malaria control program officials. Eight semi-structured interviews with all officials working for the malaria control program in Islamabad were conducted. The interviews, which were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim, were evaluated by thematic content analysis and by all authors. All respondents agreed on successful implementation of the malaria control program in Pakistan for controlling malaria by improving diagnostic and treatment facilities and promoting rational case management through training of prescribers. However, funding is still the major challenge faced by the program for its future implementation.

A malária é um dos mais importantes problemas sanitários globais, que ameaça a saúde população devido às condições socioeconômicas e por razões epidemiológicas no Paquistão. Este estudo qualitativo focou-se nas perspectivas no sentido do uso racional da intervenção médica entre os funcionários do programa de controle da malária. Oito entrevistas semiestruturas com todos os funcionários que trabalham no programa de controle da malária foram conduzidas em Islamabad. As entrevistas, que eram gravadas e transcritas, foram avaliadas por análise temática do conteúdo e por todos os autores. Todos os respondentes concordaram com o êxito da implementação do programa de controle da malária no Paquistão por meio do aprimoramento do diagnóstico e de facilidades do tratamento, promovendo a gestão racional por meio do treinamento dos prescritores. Entretanto, o financiamento é, ainda, o principal desafio enfrentado para a implementação futura do programa.

Assessment of anti mosquito measures in households and resistance status of Culex species in urban areas in southern Ghana: implications for the sustainability of ITN use

OBJECTIVE@#To determine resistance status of Culex species to different class of insecticides and assess the major anti-mosquito strategies employed by urban households and their possible effects on malaria acquisition.@*METHODS@#Structured questionnaires were randomly administered to obtain information on demographic characteristics, measures that people use to prevent mosquito bites and their perception of where mosquitoes breed in their communities. Adult susceptibility assays were also carried out using WHO discriminating dosages of four insecticides from different chemical classes against Culex species.@*RESULTS@#Majority of respondents (54.75%) preferred the use of domestic insecticides in the form of aerosols and coils. Among households that used domestic insecticides, the use of coil was most frequent (62.9%) with a mean (95% CI) of 9.18 (8.99, 9.37) coils per week. Strong level of pyrethroid-resistance and multiple insecticide resistance in Culex species were also detected in some of the study sites.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The excessive use of domestic insecticides and high level of resistance in Culex species observed in the study area has implications for the ITN component of the nation's malaria control program in more subtle ways. People will lose interest in the use of ITN when it fails to protect users from bites of resistant Culex species. Excessive use of domestic insecticides may also select resistance in both malaria vectors and Culex species. On this account we recommend that nuisance mosquitoes must be controlled as part of malaria control programs to improve acceptance and utilization of ITN.

Safety of polyethylene glycol recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in treating non-small cell lung cancer patients at I b stage

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate resistance and safety of HHPG-19K in treating non-small cell lung cancer patients.@*METHODS@#A total of 30 cases were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups: three HHPG-19K groups of different dosage (60 μg/kg/day, 100 μg/kg/day, 200 μg/kg/day), positive control group (Filgrastim, namely G-CSF5 μg/kg/day) and negative control group. Safety indexes of 5 groups were observed and compared.@*RESULTS@#All patients had adverse event (100%) in three HHPG-19K groups, and increased ALP, ALT and AST were main events. The degree was mild to moderate. There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse event between dosage groups and positive control group no difference. But the incidence of negative control group was 13%, which was significantly lower than dosage groups and positive control group.@*CONCLUSIONS@#non-small cell lung cancer patients have satisfactory tolerance to HHPG-19K, and have no resistance. Besides, dosage at 100 μ g/kg is the most safe.

Evaluation of Field Performance of Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets in North-Western Burkina Faso.

Aims: The aim of the study was to evaluate the field performance of insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) in north-western Burkina Faso. Study design: Cross-sectional survey. Place and Duration: The study took place between September and November 2008 (end of rainy season) in rural north-western Burkina Faso. Methodology: Standard WHO bioassays were performed on field-collected ITNs from three areas of different insecticide pressure: semi-urban Nouna town, three villages with cotton agriculture, and three villages without cotton agriculture. Data on age and washing frequency of ITNs was collected, and deltamethrin content was determind by HPLC. Results: The mean age of field-collected ITNs was 2.1 years. The mosquito mortality rate (Anopheles gambiae sl.) after 24 hours was 4% for the negative controls, 90% for the positive controls, and 73% for field-used ITNs. Differences in mosquito mortality between sub-areas disappeared after controlling for confounding variables. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that under real life conditions, deltamethrin still shows some level of effectiveness despite ongoing insecticide pressure. However, deltamethrin resistance has been observed in other parts of the country and thus close surveillance of ITN efficacy is needed. More frequent replacement of ITNs is also recommended.

Field evaluation of lambda-cyhalothrin (ICON 10 CS) indoor residual spraying against Anopheles culicifacies in India.

Background & objectives: Field trials of lambda-cyhalothrin 10 CS (ICON 10 CS) in indoor residual spraying (IRS) with 25 mg a.i./m2 against Anopheles culicifacies was undertaken vs malathion IRS (25% WP–2 g a.i./ m2) in Tumkur district, Karnataka; vs deltamethrin IRS (2.5% WP–20 mg a.i./m2) in Dharmapuri district; and vs lambda-cyhalothrin (10 WP–25 mg a.i./m2) in Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: Spray operations in the experimental villages were done by the National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR) and in the control villages by the respective State Health Department staff. Persistence of efficacy of insecticide sprayed in villages was assessed by contact bioassays against vector mosquitoes. Entomological indicators such as per structure density, parity rates of vector mosquitoes and sporozoite rates were measured in all the three study areas using standard procedures. Mass blood surveys and active fever case detections were carried out in experimental and control villages to study the impact of IRS on malaria transmission. Results: Persistence of effectiveness of ICON 10 CS was observed up to 2–3 months in all the three study areas. ICON 10 CS was found effective at par with or better than the insecticides used in the national programme in reducing the mosquito densities and in interrupting malaria transmission in the study villages. Vector density, parity rates and malaria cases considerably reduced in the ICON 10 CS-sprayed villages. Conclusion: Field trials at three sites have established that ICON 10 CS formulation was relatively more effective than malathion 25% WP, deltamethrin 2.5% WP and lambda-cyhalothrin 10% WP in some evaluation parameters like indoor resting mosquitoes, parity rates in vector mosquitoes and persistence of effectiveness. It can be used for IRS for malaria vector control with two rounds of spray at an interval of 3 months for curtailing the malaria transmission and an additional round is recommended in perennial malaria transmission areas.

Knowledge, attitude, perception of malaria and evaluation of malaria parasitaemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic in metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria.

Background & objectives: Little information exists on the compliance of pregnant women to malaria management in malaria endemic countries. This study was designed to access knowledge, attitude, perception and home management of malaria among consenting pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) clinic. Methods: In total, 350 pregnant women were randomly recruited during their ANC Clinic in Lagos. Structured questionnaires were administered in a two-stages research design; first during their early months of ANC visit and the second approximately 1–2 months before delivery. Information on occupation, parity, symptoms used to recognise malaria, treatment sources, control measures, knowledge factors, anti-vector measures, health-seeking practices, malaria parasitaemia and packed cell volume (PCV) were recorded. Results: The results revealed that 78.9% of the pregnant women identified infected mosquitoes as the cause of malaria while 86% of the pregnant women identified stagnant water as its breeding sites. Knowledge of the benefit of insecticide-treated mosquito bednets was less prominent as most of the selected subjects decried its high market price. Our data also showed that educational programme targeted on potential mothers is beneficial. Overall, 27.4% (96/350) of the pregnant women had peripheral malaria infection with 88.5% (85/96) of the parasite positive women infected with Plasmodium falciparum and 11.5% (11/96) with P. malariae. PCV ranged from 20–40% (median 33.9%) with 25.7% (90/350) of the pregnant women being anaemic with PCV <33%. We found an association between malaria infection and occupation, and this association was not influenced by parity. Interpretation & conclusion: Our findings revealed that improvement in knowledge and education of women of child-bearing age has an influential impact on malaria control.

Lessons and recommendations gained through "Project for Strengthening of Malaria Control in Solomon Islands" / 国際保健医療

Summarized in the following are lessons and recommendations gained through the three-year project on -Strengthening of Malaria Control in Solomon Islands”. The poor quality of malaria services and people's lack of access to proper services remain as a tremendous obstacle in developing countries. In areas remote from the central town, both morbidity and mortality from malaria tend to be higher than those in the central area. The concern shared by many living in such remote areas is how to prevent severe cases of malaria. Recommendations for malaria-related strategies in the isolated area include (1) fostering the capacity of the community to respond to severe cases of malaria through strengthening the key health facility in the malaria management (2) having the community residents themselves to have the ownership of the activities, and constructing malaria control for the community by the community. Nevertheless, it has been recognized that creating a malaria control guideline as well as its complete implementation is not enough to achieve the objectives. The guideline simply provides a standard or a benchmark, and it is, above all, not only flexible but also sensible and timely decisions suited to each circumstance, as well as actions backed by a strong sense of mission that, in the end, save the lives of malaria patients. In addition, if self-help efforts in the country are to be expected, it is of foremost importance to train healthcare workers and reserve officers.

KILUSAN LIGTAS MALARIA: Advancing Social Mobilization towards Sustainable Malaria Control in the Province of Palawan, the Philippines

As malaria continues to be a public health problem in the Philippines, its control is now the responsibility of the Local Government Unit (LGU). In this set-up, social mobilization is believed to be the key strategy in effective and sustainable implementation of malaria prevention and control activities. Palawan has always been the most malarious province in the country. Despite untiring malaria control efforts and huge funds spent to curb this malady for which Palawan has become known, this province remains the largest contributor of malaria cases and deaths. Thus, Kilusan Ligtas Malaria (KLM: meaning Movement Against Malaria) has focused on social mobilization in the implementation of malaria prevention and control. Microscopic confirmation of malaria is done by trained village microscopists, while health education-promotion activities, advocacy and linkage building are carried out by trained village community organizers. The noticeable outcomes are the increase in malaria case finding as reflected in the total number of malaria smears done, the increase in microscopic confirmation of malaria, and the decline in clinical diagnoses. Other outcomes include policy development and implementation in the form of executive orders and community ordinances to support the village microscopists and community organizers. Now, the biggest challenge of KLM is maintaining the momentum and sustaining gains.

Malaria situation and malarial control activities in Hoa Binh province, 2007

A malaria survey was carried out in May 2008 in the Northeastern, Province of Hoa Binh. It was found that malaria in the province was retained stable and tended reduced. In 2007, 1.075 malaria cases of which 39 confirmed parasites (mainly imported ones) were found over the province. This malaria prevalence was reduced by 97% as compared to that of 1992. No malaria outbreak and death were reported. The malaria control activities were carried out simultaneously. At the peripheral level, such activities as detection, diagnosis and treatment were well maintained. Artemisinin based combinations were used for malaria treatment. The vector control at the key malaria regions was completed protecting 82167 inhabitants. IEC on malaria control as well as monitoring and retraining of health staff were regularly maintained. The guidance and investment from Government, Ministry of Health and National Institute of Malariology \u2013 Parasitology and Entomology are necessary to maintain the result of malaria prevention in Hoa Binh province.

Malaria control activities in first 4 months of 2008 in Lao Cai province

Malaria situation in Lao Cai was stable during 4 first months of 2008. Number of malaria patients has decreased by 39.88% so that the rate of malaria patients/population was reduced by 39.28% compared to the same period of the last year. No malaria parasites were found. The malaria prevalence was reduced in all districts compared to that of the same period of the last year. All the former malaria foci were stable with no new malaria patients found. The survey, however, revealed some weak points in the malaria surveillance network. Blood slides were not taken or taken in inconsiderable number in many communes; blood films were too small of slides were labeled over the blood film. Ten of fifty microscope points (20%) over the province had stopped working due to many reasons: movement of the staff, on training, birth leaves and so on. Forty microscope points were checked and ranked. Only 15 microscope points were ranked "good" (37.5%) as found to regularly work. These points were located mainly at hospitals, inter-communal clinics. Twelve others (12%) were ranked" fair" and 3 points (7.5%) were "weak". Many commune health centers did not regularly report monthly malaria data, or reported insufficient and wrong information causing incorrect data of the upper levels.

Survey on knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) and information, education and communication (IEC) in malaria control for Raglai people, Khanh Vinh district, Khanh Hoa province

A cross-sectional survey on KAP and local IEC activities in malaria control for the ethnic minority people of Raglay was carried out in Khanh Hoa province's Khanh Vinh district in order to produce appropriate IEC materials for this group of population. The interviews of 400 random samples from 8 villages of two communes showed that 85.93% of respondents correctly understood the causes of malaria, 94.47% seek treatment in the health center if they got ill, and 82.22% correctly knew how to prevent from malaria. IEC for malaria control was made mainly through the local mass media of loudspeakers and health workers. Posters and leaflets were found to be poor and not highly effective. It is recommended to implement IEC campaigns on the face to face basis, community meetings, and network of local health communicators.

Pilot study on community based malaria control in three districts of Nghe An province

The WHO supported study "Community-Based Strengthen Management of Primary Health" was carried out in three pilot districts of Tuong Duong, Thanh Chuong, Quynh Luu of Nghe An province. The management of malaria case, health education at the primary level was found to have been improved significantly. The malaria prevalence was considerably reduced as compared to that of the previous years. The community health workers appeared to be able to properly collect and analyze malaria related data and report to the authority with recommendations of shortcomings and difficulties; to consolidate and integrate primary health care activities; to tackle and solve effectively shortcomings so that take more political commitment for sustainable malaria control. The project has become a model for wider application at a decision by the Nghe An People Committee.

Evaluation of the malaria control program in Vietnam in the period 2000-2007

Background: National malaria preventive and control program is rather successful, but the special result has not been accurately analyzed.\r\n', u'Objectives: to evaluate of the malaria situation for the period of 2000-2007 in Viet Nam.\r\n', u'Subjects and methods: This retrospective study analyzed data from malaria information system.\r\n', u'Results: On annual average, about 140.000 to 150.000 patients are diagnosed as malaria. Annual malaria morbidity is greatly reduced from 6.91/1000 in 2000 to 2.21/ 1000 population in 2007. The deaths in children accounted for 30 to 40% of the total malaria deaths of the whole country. The annual average number of malaria cases treated is about 150.000 to 160.000 and it is decreased by year. Artemisinine based Combination Therapy (ACT) for P.falciparum cases is 18 - 20% of the total patients. \r\n', u'From 2000 to 2007, on average, about 1.5 to 2 million of people in the malaria endemic, high risk areas were protected by Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) annually. The coverage of protected population tends to be reduced from 6.7% to 5.9 % of population at risk of malaria. \r\n', u'The annual average number of population protected by Insecticide Treated Bed Nets (ITNs) is from 8.5 to 11.5 million and the coverage of ITNs is increasing from 23.6% to 31.0% of population in malaria endemic areas. . \r\n', u'Conclusion:From 2000 to 2007, the malaria in Vietnam continues to be decreased in term of morbidity and mortality.\r\n', u'